Heavy metals of water have an atomic weight of 63.5 to 200.6 and a specific gravity greater than 5. With the rapid expansion of industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, fertilizer, tannery, batteries, paper industry and pesticides, sewage sludge containing heavy metals has increased directly or indirectly, especially in developing countries.

Unlike organic compounds, heavy metal ions are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms, and many of them are toxic or carcinogenic. Toxic heavy metals have a special concern in the treatment of water and sewage containing zinc, copper, nickel, mercury, cadmium, lead, and chromium. Chromium in the aquatic environment is essentially in two forms: chromium trivalent + Cr3 and six volumes + Cr6 Generally, +500 Cr6 is more toxic than Cr3 +. Cr + 6 affects human physiology, aggregates in the food chain, and causes health problems from simple skin irritation to lung cancer. Copper (II) is one of the essential elements for plants
It is an animal, but it is highly toxic to all living organisms. People exposed to this metal may be infected with Wilson’s disease, hepatitis C, brain damage, kidney disease, and copper deposits in the cornea. [3] Thus, the EPA has the maximum permitted concentration of Cr + 6 and + (MCL (Cu2 in drinking water supply facilities is 0.05 and 1mg / L, respectively. Today, according to
The laws that become more stringent every day, heavy metals are premature environmental pollutants and are becoming one of the most serious environmental crises. Many methods such as chemical treatment, exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, electrochemical purification technologies are used to remove heavy metal ions. These methods differ in terms of efficiency and cost. Chemical treatments, reverse osmosis, and other methods of ultrafiltration, electrochemical treatment, when pollutants are present in a small amount, are not very efficient and economically uneconomic due to their high costs. Therefore, it is necessary to seek low-cost, cost-effective, and cost-effective methods. In general, physicochemical purification methods
There are several advantages, such as the speed of their process, easy operation and flexible control despite temperature changes.

Coagulation and flocculation with sedimentation and smoothing is one of the methods of heavy metals used to remove heavy metals from water and sewage. This process, as a widespread use of water purification technology, can speed up the process of colloid and colloid treatment, and it is easier to operate and cost less. In fact, coagulation, colloid instability by neutralizing the forces that make them Separate from each other.

Many coagulants have been extensively used in conventional purification processes such as alum, ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride, with the aim of effectively eliminating particles and impurities from water by neutralizing the particle loading and engaging impurities on formed metal hydroxide deposits. This process The past has been used in water purification to reduce turbidity and color and remove pathogens. Different mechanisms involved in the removal of pollutants such as a combination of load neutralization, trapping, adsorption and complex formation with coagulant ions on insoluble clusters .

Cladding is the action of polymers for plasticization between the phlacs and the particle bond to clumps or clumps. When suspended particles build on larger particles, they can usually be removed or detached by filtration or flotation. Nowadays, new flocculants such as polyaluminium chloride, (PACl polyfractal sulfate) (PFS and polyacrylamide) (PAM) are used.
A relatively new type of heavy metals is prehydrolyzed from inorganic polymer fluxes, which is obtained by neutralizing the iron salts. Due to the presence of polymer species, PFS has a high cationic load, which can improve the load offset capacity and thus make it more efficient than conventional coagulants at lower doses. So far, little studies have been done on the removal of copper and carbons using PFC Polycetolol has been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metal concentration and the efficiency of modern polyfractal sulfate (PFS) coagulant with lime on the removal of chromium and copper from drinking water in two simple and competitive systems. This study has been carried out with regard to the necessity and the vacuum felt in this field and in order to purify heavy metals contaminated by discharge of industrial waste water to surface water resources in a relatively inexpensive and high-performance manner.